For a sine or cosine graph, simply go from 0 to 2π on the x-axis, and -1 to 1 on the y-axis, intersecting at the origin (0, 0). Both y=sin⁡(x){\displaystyle y=\sin(x)} and y=cos⁡(x){\displaystyle y=\cos(x)} repeat the same shape from negative infinity to positive infinity on the x-axis (you’ll generally only graph a portion of it). Use the basic equations as given: y=sin⁡(x){\displaystyle y=\sin(x)} and y=cos(x){\displaystyle y=cos(x)}

Both y=sin⁡(x){\displaystyle y=\sin(x)} and y=cos⁡(x){\displaystyle y=\cos(x)} never go past -1 or 1 on the y-axis. Since you are only hand-drawing your graphs, there is no precise scale, but it must be accurate at certain points.

It may be helpful to use two separate colors to distinguish between sine and cosine.

Find your values of A, B, C, and D. Note that in the basic equation for sine, A = 1, B = 1, C = 0, and D = 0.

Divide your period on the x-axis into four sections that are equal distances apart, just like in the basic equations. The y-values will still alternate from 0, 1, 0, and -1 just like in the basic equation. Period=2πB{\displaystyle {\text{Period}}={\frac {2\pi }{B}}}

Amplitude=A{\displaystyle {\text{Amplitude}}=A} Multiply the y-values you have by A, and graph these new points. If A is negative, the graph will flip over the x-axis. This is called a reflection.

Phase shift=CB{\displaystyle {\text{Phase shift}}={\frac {C}{B}}} This will move the graph to the left or right. For each x-value in the period, move the x-value to the left by C/B if C/B is negative, or move each x-value to the right by C/B if C/B is positive.

Vertical shift=D{\displaystyle {\text{Vertical shift}}=D} For each y-value, move the y-value up by D if D is positive, or move the y-value down if D is negative.

Find your values of A, B, C, and D. Note that in the basic equation for cosine, A = 1, B = 1, C = 0, and D = 0.

Divide your period on the x-axis into four sections that are equal distances apart, just like in the basic equations. The y-values will still alternate from 1, 0, -1, and 0 just like in the basic equation. Period=2πB{\displaystyle {\text{Period}}={\frac {2\pi }{B}}}

Amplitude=A{\displaystyle {\text{Amplitude}}=A} Multiply the y-values you have by A, and graph these new points. If A is negative, the graph will flip over the x-axis. This is called a reflection.

Phase shift=CB{\displaystyle {\text{Phase shift}}={\frac {C}{B}}} This will move the graph to the left or right. For each x-value in the period, move the x-value to the left by C/B if C/B is negative, or move each x-value to the right by C/B if C/B is positive.

Vertical shift=D{\displaystyle {\text{Vertical shift}}=D} This will move the graph up or down. For each y-value, move the y-value up by D if D is positive, or move the y-value down if D is negative.